To
exploit enemy
superstitions, psyops
personnel must be
certain that the
superstition or belief
is real and powerful.
A psyops
operator's desire to
take advantage of
manipulating enemy
superstitions
surreptitiously must be
balanced against the
counterproductive
effects of possible
failure and exposure of
the attempt by the mass
media. The U.S. image
and the effectiveness of
future psyops might lose
more than the commander
might hope to gain by
successful execution of
the plan.
In
summary, enemy
superstition
manipulation should not
be lightly employed by
field psyops personnel.
Proposals to make
appeals based on
superstitions or
otherwise manipulate
target audience beliefs
will be forwarded in
each case to JUSPAO
and/or MACPD through the
respective channels of
their originators. They
will be carefully
analyzed there in the
light of the
considerations spelled
out in this guidance. No
psyops campaign in the
area of superstition
manipulation will be
undertaken without
JUSPAO/MACPD approval.
How did the
various ace of spade cards
get to Vietnam? As mentioned
above, some individuals
wrote to playing card
manufacturers and asked for
them. Those manufacturers,
being patriotic, were more
than happy to comply with
the requests.
Much of the
story can be found on
various web sites devoted to
poker, or even the web site
of the United States Playing
Card Company. For instance,
an early version of the
story says:
The Ace
of Spades served a
famous purpose in the
war in Vietnam. In
February1966, two
lieutenants of Company
"C," Second Battalion,
35th Regiment, 25th
Infantry Division, wrote
The United States
Playing Card Company and
requested decks
containing nothing but
the "Bicycle" Ace of
Spades. The cards were
useful in psychological
warfare.

Ace of Spades
Deck
In a later
comment the manufacturer
tells the story in more
depth:
The Death
Card or Ace of Spades
was considered bad luck
by the Viet Cong. This
is the story that I got
first-hand from one of
the lieutenants who
originated the idea. He
had read an article in
the Stars & Stripes
indicating that the
Vietnamese were a very
superstitious people and
that the men were afraid
of the Ace of Spades.
The French previously
had occupied Indo-China,
and in French fortune
telling cards, the
Spades predicted death
and suffering. It also
seems that a statue of a
woman foretold a "bad
day" and there was some
belief that the Viet
Cong even regarded lady
liberty as a goddess of
death.
Anyways,
this guy, along with
three of his
fellow-lieutenants were
playing cards with one
of our Bicycle decks,
which fortunately they
liked to use, and they
noticed that the Bicycle
Ace of Spades had a
statue of a woman in the
middle of it, so they
figured that this was a
potentially good
psychological operations
weapon. So they
contacted the United
States Playing Card
Company and we sent them
thousands of the
requested decks gratis
to our troops in
Vietnam. These decks
were housed in plain
white tuck cases,
inscribed "Bicycle
Secret Weapon: Ace of
Spades."
The
troops started using
them, basically as
calling cards. And then
all their friends wanted
some. And eventually,
the military asked us to
produce a deck that had
fifty-two Bicycle Aces
of Spades. The cards
were deliberately
scattered in the jungle
and in hostile villages
during raids. The very
sight the "Bicycle" Ace
was said to cause many
Viet Cong to flee.
We have heard
the story of the ace of
spades from the President of
the United States Playing
Card Company. Here is the
same story from the point of
view of the military unit
that originated the letter
requesting the cards. It was
written by Charles W. Brown
(C/2/35) in 1966, published
in The Cacti Times
Magazine, entitled "ACE
HIGH - This card was no
Joker."
The Ace
of Spades, "a symbol of
death to the Vietcong",
was reported in the New
York Sunday News, July
10, 1966. In 1966 and
1967 that headline, and
many like it, was
published in newspapers
and magazines all across
the country. Over the
years many organizations
and individuals in the
military have taken
credit for initiating
the use of the Ace of
Spades as a
psychological warfare
weapon. Many did use it,
but only one unit
started it. Let me take
you back to early 1966
to the beginning of the
Ace of Spades story.
In Jan.
1966 the "Tropic
Lightning’s" 3rd Brigade
had established a base
camp on a hill just
outside the town of
Pleiku, South Vietnam.
The story begins there
in the rear of Co. C,
2/35th’s orderly room
that served as a BOQ for
four lieutenants (Davis,
Zais, Brown, and
Wissinger). Thinking
back to that time, I
remember that tent
looking very much like
the "swamp" from the TV
show M*A*S*H. Naturally
a card table had its
place in the center of
the room.
While
sitting around that
table one of the platoon
leaders called our
attention to an article
in the Stars and Stripes
about remarks made by
Congressman Craig Hosmer
of California to the
House of Representatives
in Washington D. C.
Those remarks, made on
Feb.7th, pertained to
the superstitions of the
Vietcong. The article
stated that two of their
bad luck symbols were
pictures of women and
the ace of spades. Later
that evening, someone in
the group noticed that
the ace of spades from a
deck of "Bicycle"
playing cards contained
a picture of a woman
that just happened to be
a representation of the
Goddess of Freedom or
Liberty on the dome of
our nation’s capitol
building. In her right
hand she held a sheathed
sword; in her left hand
an olive branch.
Before
long the groundwork was
laid for a plan to use
the ace of spades as a
calling card when
Charlie Company went
into the field by
leaving them at the
entrances and exits to
villages we cleared of
VC, posting them along
trails, and leaving them
on VC bodies. As the
plan began to take
shape, the discussion
turned to a way of
obtaining large
quantities of cards
since each deck we had
contained only the one
special ace. It was
quickly pointed out that
we needed to keep our
"decks" intact and
couldn’t afford to part
with that "ace" from
every deck we owned. We
had to have some
complete decks for
poker, Tonk, or Hearts,
which helped to pass the
time. However, in the
months that followed, it
was discovered that many
decks contained only
51cards because someone
had lifted the ace and
used it in the field.
Almost
jokingly I volunteered
to write a letter to the
"The U.S. Playing Card
Co." in Cincinnati, Ohio
to request the aces we
wanted. My theory was….
what’s the harm in
asking? The worst that
they could say would be
"NO"! In the initial
letter I asked for
approximately 1,000
cards, not really
expecting a reply, and
certainly not expecting
to create the commotion
that it did. Little did
we know the letter would
find its way to the desk
of the president of the
company, Mr. Allison F.
Stanley. We had no way
of knowing that Mr.
Stanley had lost a son
in WWII and that he
would be eager to supply
as many aces as were
needed. The same day
that Mr. Stanley read
our letter 1,000 cards
were pulled from the
production line, packed,
and shipped to us at no
cost.
Soon
after our first shipment
of cards arrived, we
received a letter from
John B. Powers with J.
Walter Thompson, Co., an
advertising agency in
New York City, asking
for permission to use
the story stateside. Mr.
Powers handled the
public relations account
for the playing card
company. So with our
permission in hand, Mr.
Powers relayed the story
to Bob Considine for his
nationally syndicated
newspaper column and he
also made a press
release to United Press
International. The
playing card company
then received so many
requests for cards (even
from mothers who wanted
to send them to their
sons) they started
packaging them in
special marked boxes
containing 52 aces. They
were always shipped
"postage paid".
By this
time, Lts. Zais and
Wissinger had been
reassigned to other
units within country and
Lt. Davis and I were
frequently sent on
operations in different
directions. Since days
or even weeks would go
by without me seeing Lt.
Davis, I continued to
correspond with Mr.
Stanley, Mr. Powers, and
the Congressman.
Soon the
story would be carried
in newspapers across the
states. Reporters
started dropping in for
interviews. Some just
stopped by to take
photos. A few even went
to the field with us
hoping for "live" action
shots. One reporter
stayed in the field with
my 3rd platoon for six
days. During that time,
the reporter got
everything he needed but
the action shots. It was
not uncommon to have
free-lance photographers
and writers hanging
around the forward base
camps looking for
additional material. In
the months that
followed, I received
several letters from
Congressman Hosmer, the
U.S. Playing Card
Company, and J. Walter
Thompson Co. I always
tried to reply as soon
as possible and give
them an update on our
psychological warfare
campaign.
Congressman Hosmer, who
in Feb. 1966 had been
criticized for
suggesting that
psychological warfare be
used in Vietnam, spoke
to Congress again on
June 14, and read the
correspondence he and
Mr. Stanley had received
from the Lieutenants of
Company C. This
information can be found
on pages 12497-12499 of
that day’s Congressional
Record - House (Vol.
112, No. 97).
In a
letter I received from
Mr. Powers dated May 24,
1966, he stated that he
was "presently trying to
work out story ideas on
your ace of spades use
with Life, Look, True,
Newsweek, NBC-TV News
(Huntley-Brinkley
Report), This Week,
Argosy, True, Sunday
Group Editorial Service
(photo stories to 18
major metropolitan
newspapers, including NY
News, Chicago Tribune,
St. Louis
Post-Dispatch)." Once
the story of the "Ace"
was reported and spread
across America, I
received many personal
letters from people I
had never met who saw
pictures or read stories
about the ACE OF SPADES
in their local
newspaper. All that most
of these people knew was
my name and our unit’s
designation (C/2/35,
25th Division) and they
just wanted us to know
they believed in and
supported what we were
doing. I have read those
letters from time to
time and still have a
good feeling about what
we were trying to do.
One of my
letters to
Representative Hosmer
was published in a book
entitled Letters From
Vietnam. In that letter
I wrote, "I cannot give
an account of the
effectiveness of our
campaign. I will say
that once we sweep
through an area, leave
our cards, and then
return some weeks later,
there has been little or
no V.C. activity there.
You can arrive at your
own conclusions." Did it
work? I’m not sure. Did
it help our morale? I
definitely think so! In
our company and others
throughout Vietnam, I
think the cards did
something to encourage
the men that were just
trying to survive during
a difficult time.
I am
writing this account
some thirty-five years
after the fact so I may
have left out parts here
and there. For some
reason I kept most of
the letters and mailed
them home with the
newspaper articles,
clippings, and other
material people sent to
me concerning our
psychological warfare
action. I really don’t
know why I kept them and
sent them home. More
than likely it was just
my way of sharing with
my wife what was going
on in that crazy
mixed-up part of the
world. She kept
everything I sent and
put it all together in a
scrapbook. It’s from
that scrapbook I was
able to pull together
the information for this
article. I hope you
enjoyed my account of
how using the Ace of
Spades began.
Note:
Recently I had the
opportunity to donate
several items from
Vietnam to the 2/35th
museum at Schofield
Barracks. Among those
items was one of the
original decks of 52
aces I received from Mr.
Stanley in 1966. The CO
of the Battalion sent me
a deck of 52 aces, also
produced by the U.S.
Playing Card Company,
for the gulf war. I
don’t know if the "jinx"
worked in the Middle
East, but it is nice to
know that the tradition
lives on! CACTI FOREVER
There was
apparently more than one
letter written to the
president of the playing
card company. Staff Sergeant
Rick Hofmann, a former
member of the 6th Psyop
Battalion., HQ, Saigon, told
me:
I wrote
to the Bicycle Company
in 1967 asking about the
cards. They said they
were donating the Aces
of Spades to the
military on a
no-questions asked
basis. The cards that
were sent were said to
be slightly flawed
misprints, which
couldn't be put into
circulation. There was
also some mention of a
relative of one of the
Bicycle Company
executives being a
killed in action, hence
the company's support of
the troops and Death
Card operations. We
understood the card to
be a double whammy - the
Ace of Spaces itself was
bad luck, reinforced by
the standing goddess in
the center of it.
An American
who served in Vietnam in
1967-1968 tells what he
thinks the ace of spades
represents:
The ace
of spades is called the
death card or the
death-dealers card. It's
use in Vietnam meant
approximately 'I
understand that my job
means killing the enemy.
I am ready to do so.'
Think of it as the
opposite of the peace
sign.
Another
Vietnam vet said
The first
one of these I ever saw
was on the road from
near the demilitarized
zone (Dong Ha) and Camp
Eagle at Phu Bai in
1971. It was nailed to
the forehead of a Viet
Cong tax collector.
Ken Smith
says in a short story
entitled "Happy Birthday
Grunt":
The
quotation in the 2/35
Infantry was "Got to get
Dem Dinks", and "Don't
Mean Nothin". Our Crest
was Cacti Blue and our
calling card was the Ace
of Spades. That was
supposed to bring fear
in them. I believe that
I was more scared of
them though. I mean what
tough guy wouldn't be
scared when exchanging
rounds that close. If
you weren't afraid of
getting killed, you must
have been on something.
One former
member of A Company, 1/52,
198th Light Infantry Brigade
told me:
I saw the
death cards used once
during my 1969-1970 tour
of duty. We were
patrolling through an
area that another sister
company had worked. We
found a few of the death
cards strategically
placed on the bodies of
some dead North
Vietnamese Army troops.
I don't think it scared
them at all. In fact, I
believe their buddies
thought we did it and
for about two weeks we
had a running gun battle
with the sons of
bitches! I Didn't mind
fighting them, but I
just couldn't see any
sense in stirring them
up!
There are
many types of the ace of
spades death cards. It is
important to note that very
few of those you see offered
for sale are genuine. In
fact, no death card should
be considered genuine unless
the source is impeccable and
there is an unimpeachable
history of it being
personally brought back from
Vietnam. Fakes and forgeries
abound. I would guess that
95% of those offered at
auction are bogus.

Death Awaits…
One soldier
said in regard to the above
card, "These were put on
every dead Viet Cong to send
‘Charlie’ a message that US
soldiers had been there. The
top line reads: "Death
awaits Viet Cong cadres."
The second line reads:
"Return [to the south
Vietnamese side] rather than
being killed." These seem to
be the most prevalent type
of death cards, one might
almost say "the standard"
death card. I have seen
about three variations with
slightly different fronts
but always the same message
on the back.


Death Awaits…
with scythe
This card is
similar except that there is
no central large ace of
spades and the skull is
accompanied by a scythe.

Death Awaits…
with scythe (variation)
In this
variation Death is now
inside a large black spade
and the Letter "A" is now
made up of bones. The
message on the back is
identical on all three
cards.

CAP 1-3-9 Ace
of Spade
In spring of
1970 the United States
Marine Combined Action
Platoon (CAP) 1-3-9
stationed in Binh Song about
14 kilometers east of Tra
Bong received intelligence
indicating that they were
about to be attacked by a
large force of regular North
Vietnamese Army troops.
PSYOP was
called in to help with the
defense of the unit and they
dropped a leaflet depicting
an ace of spades on the
front with the text "DIE!
The same thing will happen
again…" The back of the
leaflet is all text, "NVA
from Hanoi, 116 died on
September 12, 1969 in Ah
Phong. NVA should never come
back here again because they
will die." The leaflet is
coded 7-301-70.
The leaflet
may have worked because
there was no immediate
attack. However, the 6th
Battalion of the 21st NVA
Regiment did attack two CAP
units to the east of 1-3-9
in April and May, so there
was definitely strong
activity in the sector.

Scythe with
blood
Another
variation depicts the scythe
with blood dripping from it.
I have mostly seen these as
sewn patches, so it is
possible that they were not
prepared in the form of
death cards.

Chieu Hoi
One card does
not threaten death as much
as it offers life. This card
depicts the symbol of the
Chieu Hoi (Open Arms)
organization and is a
reminder to the Viet Cong
that they can live by simply
rallying to the Government
of South Vietnam.
Many other
death cards exist. Whether
they are genuine or not is
anyone's guess. For
instance, one depicts a
skull and bone fingers
holding scythe with the text
"101 ABN pathfinders" and
"Hue Phu Bai." The back has
text that says, "we are
searching for viet cong,
give up or die."

Death from
Above
Another card
depicts a winged skull and
the words "Death From
Above." This card was
printed by the 101st
Airborne Division in
Vietnam. There is an
unconfirmed report that this
card was designed by Captain
Mozey of C Company, 1 of the
8th Cavalry during his
Vietnam tour of 1965-1966.
Curiously, it reappeared
again 30+ years later when
the airborne division was
sent to the Persian Gulf
during Operation Desert
Storm.

Sat Cong
There were
other types of death cards
that did not bear the ace of
spades. For instance, one
card depicts a skull wearing
a Vietnamese farmer's hat
with cross-hairs over the
face and the words Sat Cong
("Kill Communists"). I have
seen this same saying
tattooed on the body of
South Vietnamese commandos.

I saw you
Another card
appears to be a SOG product.
It depicts a rifleman taking
aim at a Viet Cong
Guerrilla. The text in
Vietnamese is "I saw you but
let you live…next time you
die." The back of the card
depicts a crude skull and
crossed bones.

101st
An even
cruder card depicts a winged
skull with an open parachute
behind. Text is all
Vietnamese, and at the
bottom left is the crest of
the 506th Infantry
(Airmobile)
and at the lower
right the crest of the 101st
Airborne Screaming
Eagles Division.
The text
on the card is not actually
a sentence, but rather a
group of Vietnamese words.
Some of the words are Quan
Sat (Observed), Viet Cong
(Communists), Ban Chet
(Shoot to Kill), and Dau
Hang (Surrender). We can
partially date this card
because some of the three
battalions of the 506th
Infantry were in Vietnam
from October 1967 to
December 1971.
Death Cards
vs. Calling Cards
We should
take a moment to
differentiate between death
cards and calling cards. The
death card is easy to
identify. It usually is
black or features black
vignettes, shows an ace of
spades, or makes some threat
of death to the Viet Cong.
In the words of one
ex-Cavalryman, "It was the
Best of the Best that used
the cards. The guys that
wanted Charlie to be really
sure who it was that killed
him. The whole idea was to
scare the crap out of
Charlie."
Calling cards
are quite different. The
military has a long
tradition of using calling
cards for social
introductions. As a sergeant
major assigned to a new unit
one of my first tasks was to
visit the home of the
commanding officer and leave
a calling card in a silver
tray. It was understood that
was the way one properly
introduced himself.
Like all
military traditions, there
is even a prescribed
military way in which the
cards are used:
Calling
cards are a courtesy you
extend to your hosts.
They are desired by most
military hosts and
hostesses for a
reference file of past
friends and
acquaintances in the
service. Proper custom
dictates that you leave
one card for each adult
member of the household,
including guests, but
never leave more than
three of any one card.
Cards should be left in
a tray near the door
either upon arrival or
departure. When making a
call and the person on
whom you are calling is
not home, leave the card
with someone who is
present or slip it under
the door. Calling cards
were not used for a
time, but the tradition
of using them is
returning and they are
being used more and more
today.
Calling cards
were also popular among
warriors and combat units.
They tended to be long on
exaggeration and
braggadocio. It was the old
Davy Crockett "Killed him a
bar when he was only three"
syndrome. Tough guys talk
tough. Many of the cards we
will show during the rest of
this article are really
calling cards. They mention
death and destruction, but
in general they were not
meant to be left on a body.
However, if the body count
was high and you just
happened to be standing
there...well, a calling card
might become a death card.
So, enjoy the
rest of the cards. They were
produced by men and units
who were proud of their
fighting ability and willing
to tell the world about it.
Let's just say that these
cards were multi-purpose.

Viet Cong
Banknote Overprinted by
"Robin Hoods"
Although ARVN
forces made up the majority
of troops involved in the
Cambodian incursion.
American helicopters
provided air transportation,
liaison, medical evacuation,
and close fire support. One
of the aviation units was
the 173rd Assault Helicopter
Company (AHC). The 173rd AHC
was attached to the 11th
Aviation Battalion (Combat)
for the Cambodian raid. The
173rd took part in 14
campaigns. It received 8
battle decorations including
the Valorous Unit Award,
Meritorious Unit
Commendation, the Republic
of Vietnam Cross of
Gallantry with palm, and the
Republic of Vietnam Civil
Action Honor Medal. The
radio call sign of the 173rd
AHC was "Robin Hood."
Members of
the helicopter company
"liberated" some of the
banknotes confiscated during
the raid and overprinted
them as souvenirs with the
text " Compliments of /
173rd AHC / The Robin
Hoods." They might have been
simply souvenirs of the
raid, or they might have
been used in some cases as
"calling cards" to be placed
on the bodies of dead Viet
Cong. Whatever their use,
they are the only known type
of calling card prepared on
an enemy banknote during the
Vietnam War.
Four more
death cards are depicted in
The Vietnam Photo Book,
Mark Jury, Vintage Books,
NY, 1986. Jury was a
specialist 5 (SP5) sent to
Vietnam in July 1969. As an
army photographer he was
able to document much of the
war. He illustrates a
photograph of two army
medics carrying a Viet Cong
guerrilla on a stretcher.
The caption is:
Two
orderlies carried the
wounded VC off the
medevac
[Medical
evacuation helicopter]
and disappeared inside
the hospital. A few
minutes later one of the
orderlies came out and
handed me a calling
card. "You want a
souvenir?" he said.
"This was stuck in the
bandages. We get them
all the time." He looked
at the "dealers of
death" card and mused,
"Ummm, First of the
Sixth. They've been
kicking some ass."
Gunfighters Death Card
The card
is depicted below the
photograph. It depicts a
skull and crossed bones
within an ace of spades. The
text is:
A
CO 1. 6th 198th L.I.B. -
GUNFIGHTERS 1969-1970 -
DEALERS OF DEATH.
["LIB"
is a "Light Infantry
Brigade.]
The second
card is all text:

Gunslingers
Those who
kill for pleasure are
sadists. Those who kill
for money are
professionals. Those who
kill for both are
Gunslingers.
[Although
the nickname Gunslingers
was fairly common, this
card may have been used
by the 1st Battalion,
377th Field Artillery
Regiment, activated in
1968 and assigned to the
101st Airborne
Division].

Death On
Call
The third
card depicts a winged
griffon holding the insignia
of the 101st Airborne
Division in one hand and a
lightning bolt in the other.
The text is:
Love by
nature - Live by luck -
kill by profession -
DEATH ON CALL - wire
Griffin, San Francisco,
96383 - C Btry, 4th Bn
(ARA), 77th Arty.
[Once
again we have a unit
attached to the 101st
Airborne Division. One
battlefield report
states, Death on
call Cobras from C Btry,
4th Bn (ARA), 77th Arty
in one of the largest
battlefield actions in
recent months killed 60
North Vietnamese Army
soldiers and destroyed
one mortar position,
resulting in six
secondary explosions, 20
miles west of Quang Tri.]

Kingsmen
The final
card all text:
INTRODUCING THE
"KINGSMEN" U.S. ARMY.
Assault Helicopter
Company 114.
SPECIALTIES: Combat
assaults (Day and
Night), LRRP Ins. &
EXTR, Emergency Ammo
Resupply, Flairship &
Phyops
(sic),
Emergency
Medivacs, VC
Extermination, People
Sniffer & Defoliation.
SIDE LINES: Worlds
Greatest Pilot,
International Playboy,
War Monger, Renowned
Booze Hound, Social
Lion, Ladies Man.
PROVIDING: Death and
Destruction 24-Hrs. a
day. If you care enough
to send the very best,
send KINGSMEN.
[The
114th Assault Helicopter
Company was attached to
the 101st Airborne
Division. It seems clear
that the 101st was the
main proponent of the
death or calling cards
in Vietnam].

Mustang
Other calling
cards abound. It seems that
they fascinated fixed-wing
and helicopter pilots. One
such card depicts a black
chess knight and the text,
"Have Gun…Will Travel –
Mustang 22 – Wire Mustang A.
P. O. 96227." This card is
reminiscent of the one
carried by the western
television hero Paladin,
whose card depicted a white
chess knight and the words,
"Have Gun - Will travel
-Wire Paladin – San
Francisco."

LRRP
Card
The LRRPs
were Long Range
Reconnaissance Patrols.
These were very tough
fellows who went deep into
enemy territory to identify
units and select targets.
One calling card from such a
unit says, "Anywhere -
Anytime – LRRP – Long Range
Recon Patrol – Have Teams
Will Travel – Call Trp D
(AIR) – 1st Squadron - 4th
Cav. – 1st Infantry
Division."

Card on
helmet